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Section 4A: Safety Guidelines 162
as shoes and pocketbooks, and process food. Medical uses of RF energy include
pacemaker monitoring and programming.
How is radiofrequency radiation measured?
RF waves and RF fields have both electrical and magnetic components. It is
often convenient to express the strength of the RF field in terms of each
component. For example, the unit "volts per meter" (V/m) is used to measure
the electric field strength, and the unit "amperes per meter" (A/m) is used to
express the magnetic field strength. Another common way to characterize an RF
field is by means of the power density. Power density is defined as power per
unit area. For example, power density can be expressed in terms of milliwatts
(one thousandth of a watt) per square centimeter (mW/cm2 or microwatts (one
millionth of a watt) per square centimeter (µW/cm2).
The quantity used to measure how much RF energy is actually absorbed by the
body is called the Specific Absorption Rate or SAR. The SAR is a measure of the
rate of absorption of RF energy. It is usually expressed in units of watts per
kilogram (W/kg) or milliwatts per gram (mW/g).
What biological effects can be caused by RF energy?
The biological effects of radiofrequency energy should not be confused with the
effects from other types of electromagnetic energy.
Very high levels of electromagnetic energy, such as is found in X-rays and gamma
rays can ionize biological tissues. Ionization is a process where electrons are
stripped away from their normal locations in atoms and molecules. It can
permanently damage biological tissues including DNA, the genetic material.
Ionization only occurs with very high levels of electromagnetic energy such as
X-rays and gamma rays. Often the term radiation is used when discussing
ionizing radiation (such as that associated with nuclear power plants).
The energy levels associated with radiofrequency energy,including both radio
waves and microwaves, are not great enough to cause the ionization of atoms
and molecules. Therefore, RF energy is a type of non-ionizing radiation. Other
types of non-ionizing radiation include visible light, infrared radiation (heat) and
other forms of electromagnetic radiation with relatively low frequencies.
Large amounts of RF energy can heat tissue. This can damage tissues and
increase body temperatures. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the testes, are
particularly vulnerable to RF heating because there is relatively little blood flow
in them to carry away excess heat.
The amount of RF radiation routinely encountered by the general public is too
low to produce significant heating or increased body temperature. Still, some
people have questions about the possible health effects of low levels of RF
energy. It is generally agreed that further research is needed to determine what
effects actually occur and whether they are dangerous to people. In the
meantime, standards-setting organizations and government agencies are
continuing to monitor the latest scientific findings to determine whether
changes in safety limits are needed to protect human health.