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or salivary gland, leukemia, or other cancers. None of
the studies demonstrated the existence of any harmful
health effects from wireless phone RF exposures.
However, none of the studies can answer questions
about long-term exposures, since the average period of
phone use in these studies was around three years.
5. What research is needed to decide whether RF
exposure from wireless phones poses a health risk?
A combination of laboratory studies and epidemiological
studies of people actually using wireless phones would
provide some of the data that are needed. Lifetime ani-
mal exposure studies could be completed in a few years.
However, very large numbers of animals would be need-
ed to provide reliable proof of a cancer promoting effect
if one exists. Epidemiological studies can provide data
that is directly applicable to human populations, but 10
or more years follow-up may be needed to provide
answers about some health effects, such as cancer.This
is because the interval between the time of exposure to
a cancer-causing agent and the time tumors develop —
if they do — may be many, many years.The interpreta-
tion of epidemiological studies is hampered by difficul-
ties in measuring actual RF exposure during day-to-day
use of wireless phones. Many factors affect this meas-
urement, such as the angle at which the phone is held,
or which model of phone is used.
6. What is FDA doing to find out more about the pos-
sible health effects of wireless phone RF?
FDA is working with the U.S. National Toxicology
Program and with groups of investigators around the
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